Many researchers agree that the internet was developed by the U.S. Military, but the implementation of all its procedural elements cannot be solely attributed to the United States. The internet is the most prominent and effective form of communication today. On the other hand, it required many types of communication to implement its universal form of communication through the means of hypertext transfer protocol in a paradigm of the internet that we call the World Wide Web. Since 1994 and the innovation of the web browser, the internet has been globalized and centralized, but prior to then it was just an inter-faceted paradigm of mixed protocols, regulations, and concepts of message transmissions.
Although the United States’ Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency is credited with the advent of information processing and the interconnected networking system, significant enhancements were made to develop the internet by European nations and the program CERN. The first step that Europe took in integrating the interconnected networking system was in the form of X.25. X.25 is an ITU-T standard protocol suite for wide area networks using the phone or ISDN system as the networking hardware. Moreover, there were many forms of interconnected networking systems at this point, but in 1973 they were unified by Robert E. Kahn and Vint Cerf. They had developed a reformulation of the system, where the differences between network protocols were hidden by using a common internetwork protocol. This was eventually replaced because of the wide array of private institutions researching the interconnected networks and their involvement in software development. In 1984, a standard protocol was formed and the first Wide Area Network CSNET was designed specifically to use TCP/IP. TCP/IP is short for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. Between 1984 and 1988 CERN began its installation and operation of TCP/IP to interconnect its major internal computer systems, workstations, Personal Computers and an accelerator control system. In 1987 CERN had purchased the appropriate hardware from Cisco to route the TCP/IP across the already existing UUCP. In 1989, CERN had launched its first external TCP/IP connection and Australia had pushed for the standard use of IP as well.
Furthermore, with the vast global integration of IP software, the world was on the fringe of a fully functional message transmission database, but it needed to be opened to commerce. With this in mind, in the late 1980s, the first Internet Service Provider companies were formed. At this point in time the internet was now accessible to just about anyone who could afford it. For communicative purposes, technology was not the leading factor in the global use of the internet; it was regulation. According to the provided blog from Wikepedia, “ARPANET had been overtaken and replaced in 1990 by newer networking technologies and the project came to a close. In 1994, the NSFNet, now renamed ANSNET (Advanced Networks and Services) and non-profit corporations, lost their standing as the backbone of the Internet. Both government institutions and competing commercial providers created their own backbones and interconnections. Regional Network Access Points (NAPs) became the primary interconnections between the many networks and the final commercial restrictions ended.”
As the Internet grew through the 1980s and early 1990s, people realized the increasing need to be able to find and organize files and information. With this in mind, top level domains were created in the form of hypertext. Tim Berners-Lee from CERN was the first to develop a network-based implementation of the hypertext concept. Additionally, with all the advents towards message transmissions on the internet, regulation needed to be instilled in order to organize and properly transmit these transmissions. This is where the United States regained its stronghold on the internet in 1991. It was Al Gore's High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991 also known as the Gore Bill that had called for funding towards Mosaic the first internet web browser launched in 1993, and this is also when the hypertext WWW was implemented on creating an integrated World Wide Web(a web of interconnected strings of transmissions and information). Even before the World Wide Web, there were search engines that attempted to organize the Internet. Lycos, was created in 1993 as a university project, and was the first to achieve commercial success.
Conclusively, prior to 1994, the internet was a scattered disorganized paradigm of internetwork communication. It required the integration of many technological and communicative ideas and advents to achieve a fully functional internet. From software concepts and hardware necessities, onward to the regulation and integration of transmission protocol and hypertext, the formulation of the internet was executed by many different people and organizations. Now, according to many researchers the fastest and most efficient form of global communication is the internet. What took an array of mass, interpersonal, and inter-organizational communication and integration is now accessible to virtually anyone who has the means to do so. In short, one of the longest and largest communicative innovations ever made, is now the predominant form of information sharing.